over or falling down before an image or making some literal gesture of homage to the god. At an early stage proskynein also came to be used for the inward attitude of homage or respect which the outward gesture represented.7 In the LXX, proskynein is virtually the only word used to render some form of the Hebrew hištaḥawâh (i.e. Hithpael of the root ḥ-w-y). Recent scholarship has suggested that the literal meaning of this verb, which occurs one hundred and seventy times in the Hebrew Bible, is
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